Triglycerides và bệnh mỡ trong máu

References:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/triglycerides.html
http://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/tc/high-triglycerides-overview
http://my.clevelandclinic.org/heart/prevention/nutrition/triglycerides.aspx
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/Triglycerides_UCM_306029_Article.jsp
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/triglycerides/CL00015
http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/triglycerides

http://www.tintuccaonien.com/docs/docs_6/6_2_189.htm
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BB%91i_lo%E1%BA%A1n_m%E1%BB%A1_m%C3%A1u

Bệnh nhồi máu cơ tim - Coronary Artery Disease

References:
http://www.khamchuabenh.com/read.php?1641
http://www.ami-aeromedical.org.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=145%3Abnh-nhi-mau-c-tim-cp&catid=43%3Amedical-treatment&Itemid=68&lang=vi
http://www.medic.com.vn/vietnam/tttimmach/timmach1/nhoimaucotim.htm
http://vov.vn/Home/Nhoi-mau-co-tim--Benh-cua-moi-lua-tuoi/20094/109992.vov
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%E1%BB%93i_m%C3%A1u_c%C6%A1_tim

http://www.heartsite.com/html/cad.html
http://www.texheartsurgeons.com/cad.htm
http://heartdisease.about.com/cs/coronarydisease/a/CAD1.htm
http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/ate/heartandblood/203287.html

Protein, what are you? - Protein 101

This is a summary from http://www.foodinsight.org/Newsletter/Detail.aspx?topic=Taking_the_Publics_Pulse_on_Protein
and the reference articles at the end.

The optimal amount of protein to support muscle growth and provide other potential health benefits is still being determined.  Current guidelines recommend moderate consumption of good quality protein (0.8 g/kg of ideal body weight per day) from a variety of sources for adults ages 19 and older.  To put this figure into context, a 150-pound adult would require 54 grams of protein daily.  To help make it more understandable, an ounce of lean meat and other plant-based proteins each contain approximately 7 grams of protein per serving and a cup of fat-free or low-fat milk contains 8 grams of protein.


protein’s important role in reducing the risk of sarcopenia, a progressive decline in muscle mass and strength that is an effect of normal aging.


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Protein 101

Protein is the major functional and structural component of all the cells of the body and is comprised of amino acids, the building blocks of protein.  An essential (also called indispensable) amino acid is one that cannot be synthesized by the body; and  therefore, must be consumed as part of the diet.  A non-essential amino acid is one that can be produced by the body and, therefore, is not required to come from the diet.

It is  recommended that 10-35 percent of calories come from protein. Healthy adults are encouraged to consume 0.8 grams of protein per day per kilogram of body weight. For example, a person who weighs 160 pounds would need 58 grams of protein per day.

Protein comes from a variety of sources. Beef, poultry, fish, and eggs are animal sources of protein that also provide essential B-vitamins such as folate, zinc, and iron. Dairy products, such as milk, cheese, and yogurt, provide calcium and supply protein in the form of casein and whey. Soybeans and soy protein-based foods, like soy milk and soy-based meat alternatives, are a plant based source of protein, which are low in saturated fat and cholesterol-free, and may play a role in reducing risk of heart disease.

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This article, which focuses on protein and sarcopenia, is the second in a series of articles examining an expanded role for protein and health.

What is Sarcopenia?
Sarcopenia is the progressive decline in muscle mass and strength that occurs as an effect of natural aging.  More specifically, it is defined as a three to eight percent reduction in lean muscle mass per decade after the age of 30.

Scope of Sarcopenia
Sarcopenia is widespread among the elderly, yet surprisingly remains in relative obscurity.  It is thought to affect 30 percent of those age 60 years and over, and greater than 50 percent of those older than 80 years of age. Advanced sarcopenia is synonymous with physical frailty and associated with increased likelihood of falls, disability, and the impairment of activities of daily living. With such a high prevalence and potential risk, it comes as no surprise that sarcopenia significantly contributes to the cost of healthcare.  In 2000, the estimated direct healthcare cost of sarcopenia in the United States was $18.5 billion, or about 1.5 percent of total healthcare expenditures for that year. With an increasingly aging population, the cost of providing healthcare to older individuals is sure to become even more challenging for public health officials.

Reduce Risk
Although the onset of sarcopenia may be inevitable for some, it may be avoidable and reversible for others.  Researchers have identified two measures that can play a role in the fight against sarcopenia: diet and exercise. The benefits of consuming a well-balanced diet and getting regular physical activity are widespread and diverse. Although difficulties implementing diet and exercise interventions with the elderly are well documented, there is no denying the positive impact both have on sarcopenia. Older people can offset the progression of sarcopenia through regular resistance exercise.  Furthermore, the benefits of this type of exercise, including increasing muscle strength and size, may be supported by consuming moderately more than the current daily recommendation for protein.

Increase Intake in Older Individuals
Protein is recognized as the key macronutrient responsible for safeguarding against sarcopenia, but there is some debate over the exact amount required.  Presently, the daily recommended dietary intake (RDI) for protein is 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight for adults ages 19 and older, but recent arguments claim this amount may not promote optimal health or protect the elderly population from sarcopenic muscle loss. Unfortunately, many older persons may not be meeting the current RDI standards for protein, with approximately 35 percent consuming less than what is recommended, and about 15 percent consuming less than 75 percent of recommended amounts. Even greater cause for concern is that emerging research points to the need for moderately higher protein recommendations (1-1.3 grams per kilogram of body weight per day) than already exist to reduce the risk of sarcopenia. In other words, although many older individuals lack a sufficient amount of protein in their diet, the true protein deficiency may be even larger than we realize. 

Divide and Conquer
As we grow older, the body becomes less efficient in converting amino acids into muscle tissue. However, higher doses of amino acids may be capable of stimulating muscle building to a similar extent as that of the young. In addition to meeting daily protein requirements, research indicates that reaching a specific threshold of protein at each meal may generate a maximum muscle building effect.  Thus, assuming adequate total energy intake and normal renal function, placing importance on the distribution of protein across meals is paramount and may be a useful strategy for muscle mass maintenance.

Build Strong Bones
In addition to aiding muscle development, protein also benefits bone health.  Similar to many other body tissues, bones undergo protein turnover and require a steady stream of dietary protein for maintenance.  However, just as the current DRI for protein for muscle maintenance may be too low for older individuals; it may also be too low for optimal bone health. In fact, research with this population has identified a positive association between protein intake and change in bone mass density in those with the highest intake of protein that were supplemented with calcium and vitamin D. So, while the role of protein and bone health is important, it should also be complemented with calcium and Vitamin D.

Defending against the onset of sarcopenia is a daunting task, particularly when it comes to getting a person to comply with new or unfamiliar lifestyle modifications. Individuals may be challenged to find ways to incorporate more exercise and consume the recommended amounts of protein every day. Advice about how to reduce risk of sarcopenia should take into consideration the many barriers that might prevent someone from taking steps to build strong muscles and bones while improving their quality of life in later years.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Department of Health and Human Services. “Healthy Aging for Older Adults.” http://www.cdc.gov/aging/.

Pesticide and organic - The Full List: 43 Fruits & Veggies

Link.

RANK	FRUIT OR VEGGIE	SCORE
1 (worst)	Peaches	100 (highest pesticide load)
2	Apples	96
3	Sweet Bell Peppers	86
4	Celery	85
5	Nectarines	84
6	Strawberries	83
7	Cherries	75
8	Lettuce	69
9	Grapes - Imported	68
10	Pears	65
11	Spinach	60
12	Potatoes	58
13	Carrots	57
14	Green Beans	55
15	Hot Peppers	53
16	Cucumbers	52
17	Raspberries	47
18	Plums	46
19	Oranges	46
20	Grapes-Domestic	46
21	Cauliflower	39
22	Tangerine	38
23	Mushrooms	37
24	Cantaloupe	34
25	Lemon	31
26	Honeydew Melon	31
27	Grapefruit	31
28	Winter Squash	31
29	Tomatoes	30
30	Sweet Potatoes	30
31	Watermelon	25
32	Blueberries	24
33	Papaya	21
34	Eggplant	19
35	Broccoli	18
36	Cabbage	17
37	Bananas	16
38	Kiwi	14
39	Asparagus	11
40	Sweet Peas-Frozen	11
41	Mango	9
42	Pineapples	7
43	Sweet Corn-Frozen	2
44	Avocado	1
45 (best)	Onions	1 (lowest pesticide load)

Note: We ranked a total of 43 different fruits and vegetables but grapes are listed twice because we looked at both domestic and imported samples.

View Full Data Set

Why Should You Care About Pesticides?

There is growing consensus in the scientific community that small doses of pesticides and other chemicals can adversely affect people, especially during vulnerable periods of fetal development and childhood when exposures can have long lasting effects. Because the toxic effects of pesticides are worrisome, not well understood, or in some cases completely unstudied, shoppers are wise to minimize exposure to pesticides whenever possible.

Will Washing and Peeling Help?

Nearly all of the data used to create these lists already considers how people typically wash and prepare produce (for example, apples are washed before testing, bananas are peeled). While washing and rinsing fresh produce may reduce levels of some pesticides, it does not eliminate them. Peeling also reduces exposures, but valuable nutrients often go down the drain with the peel. The best option is to eat a varied diet, wash all produce, and choose organic when possible to reduce exposure to potentially harmful chemicals.

How This Guide Was Developed

The produce ranking was developed by analysts at the not-for-profit Environmental Working Group (EWG) based on the results of nearly 43,000 tests for pesticides on produce collected by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration between 2000 and 2004. A detailed description of the criteria used in developing the rankings is available as well as a full list of fresh fruits and vegetables that have been tested (see below).

EWG is a not-for-profit environmental research organization dedicated to improving public health and protecting the environment by reducing pollution in air, water and food. For more information please visit www.ewg.org.

Strategic Spending on Organic Foods

Link

Sweet bell peppers are among the vegetables high in pesticides. (Richard Drew/Associated Press)

I was reading today in The Times that organic food prices are rising. It reminded me of a really helpful list from the Environmental Working Group, a nonprofit research and advocacy organization, about how to be a strategic shopper when buying organic fruits and vegetables.

While there is an ongoing debate about whether buying organic food really makes a difference in terms of health, the reality is that some consumers choose organic foods because they want to lower their exposure to pesticides. For those shoppers, it makes sense to know when to buy organic and which conventionally-grown foods are good enough because they already are low in pesticide residue.

The Environmental Working Group tested dozens of fruits and vegetables to determine which foods are the worst offenders in terms of pesticide exposure. Some fruits and vegetables grown with conventional farming methods simply don’t absorb the pesticides. Some examples of vegetables and fruits with very low pesticide residues are onions, mangoes, asparagus, broccoli and eggplant. So whether you pick them up from the regular produce section or the organic aisle, your pesticide exposure is going to be low.

So if you are on a budget, focus your organic dollars where it counts — on foods that suck in a lot of pesticides when grown using conventional farming methods. Foods that typically have high levels of pesticide residue include peaches, strawberries, sweet bell peppers, celery and lettuce.

To see the complete list of the 43 fruits and vegetables tested by the Environmental Working Group, click here. The site includes a printable chart of the dozen foods lowest in pesticide residue and those that are best purchased from the organic aisle. And to read the complete story about rising organic food prices reported by my colleagues Andrew Martin and Kim Severson, click here.